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Yes, you should access files from the bucket if available on ladsweb.

No, there are no python code examples available at LAADS. However, you may want to check with "HDF-EOS TOOLS AND INFORMATION CENTER", they have Python code example to work with MODIS data. Their website is
https://www.hdfeos.org/

Yes, you are correct.

You can explore LAADS API interface to automate NRT data download. You can find information including quick start guide and API specification at: https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/tools-and-services/#api-v2 A sample call would look like: https://nrt3.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/api/v2/content/archiv...

The issue is that HDF5 is a binary format, not a text format. There is no text encoding that will work to decode it as text (as you are seeing). The script does also read csv or json files from the web site, to get the directory listings, so it needs to be able to read both text and binary data. Unf...

The MOD03 file has the lat/lon and view geometry at the same resolution as the L1B file. If these fields from an L1B file are to be used an interpolation to account for the different dimensions needs to be performed.

The MOD021KM files contain radiances and reflectances, What's stored in the files are HDF Scientific Data Sets (SDSs), each of which has a "long_name" attribute that ends with "Scaled Integers". The values store in those SDSs are scaled integers, (abbreviated SI). You need to use...

We further looked into the granules to check the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) pattern you reported and below is the summery: The Missing Aerosol Optical Data (AOD) is not the systematic issue. ​ They are relevant to the pixel selections. For the following conditions, the AOD values will be​ fill valu...

Also, the Dark Target AOD cannot be retrieved over brighter surfaces. So, you may be getting confused by an apparent pattern that forms over the equatorial and tropical areas, where most of the areas are brighter because of clouds and deserts, and so there is not much retrieval of DT AOD, creating o...

Dear Laxmi: Please note the following: Have you tried to cross-reference the missing areas with the MODIS cloud mask (MxD35_L2) to see if those areas have persistent cloud. You can also reference a RGB reflectance image for this. With regard to this question: coverage of the MODIS swath keeps on cha...